Victims and Heroines: Women, Welfare and the Egyptian State by Iman Bibars Poverty and inequality are on the increase in developing countries forced to struggle with economic stabilization programmes. But, as this book shows, in addition to an anti-poor bias (despite rhetoric to the contrary), which almost all governments carrying out liberalization now display, women in particular suffer. Dr Bibars looks at one very large category of socially deprived women in Egypt: those who support and manage their own households. These households now comprise something like 18-30 per cent of all urban Egyptian families. Bibars investigates how these women cope with poverty and how they seek to extract benefits, welfare payments and pensions in particular, from both state agencies and religious (Coptic as well as Muslim) welfare organizations. In both cases, she finds that Egyptian women encounter a serious gender bias which is especially directed against those women forced by circumstance to head