Phantom Communities : Stanford University Press : 9780804733366 : 0804733368 : 01 May 1998 : Phantom Communities reconsiders the status of the simulacrum?sometimes defined as a copy of a copy, but more rigorously defined as a copy that subverts the legitimacy and authority of its model?in light of recent debates in literature, art, philosophy, and cultural studies.The author pursues two interwoven levels of analysis. On one level, he explores the poetics of the simulacrum, considered as a form that internalizes repetition, through close readings of a number of exemplary literary texts, paintings, and films from both the Anglo-American and French traditions, including works by Jean Genet, Pierre Klossowski, René Magritte, Andy Warhol, J. G. Ballard, Balthus, and Raúl Ruiz. Through his readings of these works, the author follows the transformations of the simulacrum, showing how its vicissitudes provide an optic for remapping the postmodern canon.On another level, the author offers an ac