Coal-Mining Women in Japan : Routledge : 9780415744324 : 0415744326 : 09 Oct 2014 : "Between the Meiji Restoration in 1868 and the beginning of the war mobilization boom in 1930, collieries Europe and America embraced new technologies and had long since been excluded from working underground. In Japan however, mining women witnessed no significant in working practices over this period. The availability of the cheap and abundant labor of these women allowed the captains of the coal industry in Japan to avoid expensive investments in new machinery and sophisticated mining methods, instead, they continued to intensely exploit workers and markets, making substantial profits without the burdens of extensive mechanization. This unique book explores the lives of the thousands of women who labored in Japan's coal mines in the years 1868 to 1930. It examines their working lives, their family lives, their aspirations, achievements and disappointments. Drawing heavily on interview material with t