Since Zen Buddhism first captivated the attention of Western seekers the dominant discourse about this sect has been romantic, idealistic, and utopian. The essence of Zen has been described as ineffable, holistic, and promoting social harmony. In recent years, however, some scholars have begun to examine Zen through the lenses of historical and cultural criticism, producing a sharp challenge to the traditional view. These clashing viewpoints are now entrenched in two warring camps, and their exponents talk past each other with virtually no constructive interaction. In this book, Steven Heine argues that a constructive compromise is possible. He focuses on three principal areas of disagreement 1 the role of language and discourse in a tradition that claims to be 'outside words and letters, ' yet has produced a voluminous body of texts, 2 the function of rituals and objects of worship to gain world benefit in a tradition supposedly founded on unmediated experience attained in an iconocla