The articles in the present volume are by major contributors to our under- standing of signaling pathways affecting protein synthesis. They focus pri- marily on two extracellular anabolic signals, although others are included as well. Insulin is one of the best-studied extracellular regulators of protein syn- thesis. Several of the known pathways for regulation of protein synthesis were elucidated using insulin-dependent systems. Regulation of protein synthesis by amino acids, by contrast, is an emerging field that has recently received a great deal of attention. The dual role of amino acids as substrates for protein syn- thesis and regulators of the overall process has only recently been recognized. Since amino acids serve as precursors for proteins, one might expect that with- holding an essential amino acid would inhibit the elongation phase. Surpris- ingly, research has shown that it is the initiation phase of protein synthesis that is restricted during amino acid starvation. Under