pemPort Economicsem is the study of the economic decisions and their consequences of the users and providers of port services. A port works as an engine for economic development. This book provides a detailed discussion of port freight service users, such as freight water and land carriers, that have their ships and vehicles serviced and their cargoes unloaded by ports, as well as passenger services such as ferry carriers which are serviced by ferry passenger ports.ppThis text continues to enhance our understanding of port economics by exploring the economic theories, supply and demand curves, and the actual and opportunity costs relating to the carriers, shippers and passengers who use ports.ppThis new edition has been updated throughout. This includes pul p p liAn expanded discussion of container, break-bulk, dry-bulk, liquid-bulk and neo-bulk portsli p p liAn introduction of port service chains, hinterland transport chains, maritime transport chains and port multi-service congestion