brA specter is haunting Europe and America the specter of anti-democratic, right-wing nationalism. This has finally exposed as ill-based the astonishingly widely shared belief that unleashing capitalism will, sooner or later, lead societies to democratic politics. It's nothing more than the big liberal myth. pKrishnan Nayar explores the history of six major pioneers of modernity--Britain, America, France, Germany, Russia and Japan-- from the seventeenth century's Cromwellian revolution to Donald Trump's election, via the Age of Darwinian Capitalism the pre-Second World War, pre-consumerist, pre-welfare state capitalism of severe economic instability and a penurious working class. Nayar shows that, in this period, capitalist industrialization was far more likely to lead to modernized right-wing autocracy than democracy, which got a chance thanks simply to fortunate circumstances in a few countries. pCapitalism only underpinned democracy in the post-war period due to transient factors th