Founded in 1985 by Jean-Claude Falmagne and Jean-Paul Doignon, Knowledge Structure Theory KST constitutes a rigorous and current mathematical theory for the representation and the assessment of human knowledge. The seminal work of these authors initiated a highly active research strand with an ever-growing literature, mostly scattered across various technical journals.Starting from a concise but comprehensive introduction to the foundations of KST, this state-of-the-art review volume for the first time brings together the most important theoretical developments and extensions of the last decade and presents new areas of application beyond education, with contributions by key researchers in their respective fields.Among the important advances covered by this book are 1 a comprehensive treatment of probabilistic models in KST 2 polytomous extensions of the theory 3 KST-based psychological diagnostics and neuropsychological assessment 4 the representation and assessment of cognitive skill