In 1853, Langstroth published The Hive and the Honey-Bee Northampton Massachusetts Hopkins, Bridgman, 1853, which provided practical advice on bee management and, is the basis of this publication. Langstroth revolutionized the beekeeping industry by using bee space in his top-opening hive. In the summer of 1851 he found that, by leaving an even, approximately bee-sized space between the top of the frames holding the honeycomb and the flat coverboard above, he was able quite easily to remove the coverboard, which was normally well cemented to the frames with propolis, making separation hard to achieve. He later used this discovery to make the frames themselves easily removable. If a small space was left less than 14 inch or 6.4 mm the bees filled it with propolis on the other hand, when a larger space was left more than 38 inch or 9.5 mm the bees filled it with comb. On 5 October 1852, Langstroth received a patent on the first movable frame beehive in America. A Philadelphia cabinetmake